Race in Indian Territory
Enslavement, Forced Removal, and the Formation of Race In Indian Territory – Pre-Statehood Oklahoma
READINGS – Books/Journals/Dissertations
Anderson, Keziah
2020. On the Forty Acres that the Government Give Me: Independent Freedpeople of the Five Slaveholding Tribes as Landholders, Indigenous Land Allotment Policy, and the Disruption of Racial, Gender, and Class Hierarchies in Jim Crow Oklahoma: Independent Freedpeople of the Five Slaveholding Tribes as Landholders, Indigenous Land Allotment Policy, and the Disruption of Racial, Gender, and Class Hierarchies in Jim Crow Oklahoma. Undergraduate Senior Thesis. Department of History Columbia University.
Braund, Kathryn E. Holland
1991. “The Creek Indians, Blacks, and Slavery.” The Journal of Southern History 57 (4): 601-636.
Burton, Art T.
2006. Black Gun, Silver Star: The Life and Legend of Frontier Marshal Bass Reeves. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Chang, David A.Y.O.
2010. The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Condray Searcy, Martha
1982. The Introduction of African Slavery into the Creek Indian Nation. The Georgia Historical Quarterly 66 (1): 21-32.
Ethridge, Robbie
2003. Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Feldhousen-Giles, Kristy
2008. To Prove Who You Are: Freedmen Identities in Oklahoma. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma.
Field, Kendra T.
2018. Growing Up with the Country: Family, Race, and Nation after the Civil War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Glasrud, Bruce A. and Michael N. Searles (editors)
2016. Black Cowboys in the American West: On the Range, On the Stage, Behind the Badge. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Grann, David
2017. Killers of the Flower Moon. The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI. New York, NY: Random House.
Grinde, Donald A. Jr and Quintard Taylor
1984. Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post-Civil War Indian Territory, 1865-1907. American Indian Quarterly 8 (3): 211-229.
Halliburton, Rudi
1997. Red Over Black: Black Slavery Among the Cherokee Indians. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Johnson, Hannibal
2012. Apartheid in Indian Country?: Seeing Red over Black Disenfranchisement. Waco, TX: Eakin Press.
Kenner Charles L.
1999. Buffalo Soldiers and Officers of the Ninth Cavalry, 1867-1898. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Krauthamer, Barbara
2013. Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
LaVere, David
2000. Contrary Neighbors: Southern Plains and Removed Indians in Indian Territory. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Leckie, William
1967. The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Calvary in the West. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Littlefield, Daniel
1979. Africans and Creeks: From the Colonial Period to the Civil War. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1980. The Chickasaw Freedmen: A People Without a Country. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
McLoughlin, William
1974. Red Indians, Black Slavery and White Racism: American’s Slaveholding Indians. American Quarterly 26(4): 367-385.
Mellinger, Philip
1971. “Discrimination and Statehood in Oklahoma,” The Chronicles of Oklahoma 49 (1).
Miles, Tiya
2015. Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Miles, Tiya and Sharon Holland
2006. Crossing Waters, Crossing Worlds: The African Diaspora in Indian Country. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Naylor, Celia
2008. African Cherokees in Indian Territory: From Chattel to Citizens. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Perdue, Theda
1979. Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee society, 1540-1866. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
Roberts, Alaina E.
2021. I’ve Been Here All the While: Black Freedom on Native Land Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Saunt, Claudio
2000. Taking Account of Property: Stratification among the Creek Indians in the Early Nineteenth Century. The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, 57 (4) 733-760.
2005. Black, White, and Indian: Race and the Unmaking of an American Family. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Snyder, Christina
2007. Conquered Enemies, Adopted Kin, and Owned People: The Creek Indians and Their Captives. The Journal of Southern History 73(2) 255-288.
Schubert, Frank
2003. Voices of the Buffalo Soldier: Records, Reports, and Recollections of Military Life and Service in the West. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Usner, Daniel H. Jr
1985. American Indians on the Cotton Frontier: Changing Economic Relations with Citizens and Slaves in the Mississippi Territory. The Journal of American History 72(2): 297-317.
Weik, Terrance (editor)
2019. The Archaeology of Removal in North America. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
Wickett, Murray R.
2000. Contested Territory: Native Americans and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1865–1907. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
Wilson, Walt
1971. “Freedmen in Indian Territory During Reconstruction,” The Chronicles of Oklahoma 49 (1).
Zellar, Gary
2007. African Creeks: Estelvste and the Creek Nation. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Map from Library of Congress